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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Bode-Diagramm</span></h1>
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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="de" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="de" dir="ltr"><p>Unter <b>Bode-Diagramm</b> (engl. <i><span lang="en">Bode plot</span></i>) versteht man eine Darstellung von zwei <a href="Funktionsgraph" title="Funktionsgraph">Funktionsgraphen</a>: Ein Graph zeigt den Betrag (<a href="Amplitude" title="Amplitude">Amplituden</a><a href="Verst%C3%A4rkung_(Physik)" title="Verstärkung (Physik)">verstärkung</a>), der andere das Argument (die <a href="Phasenverschiebung" title="Phasenverschiebung">Phasenverschiebung</a>) einer <a href="Komplexe_Zahl" title="Komplexe Zahl">komplexwertigen</a> <a href="Funktion_(Mathematik)" title="Funktion (Mathematik)">Funktion</a> in Abhängigkeit von der <a href="Frequenz" title="Frequenz">Frequenz</a>. Diese Art der Darstellung ist nach <a href="Hendrik_Wade_Bode" title="Hendrik Wade Bode">Hendrik Wade Bode</a> benannt, welcher diese Diagramme bei seinen Arbeiten in den <a href="Bell_Laboratories" title="Bell Laboratories">Bell Laboratories</a> in den 1930er Jahren benutzte.<sup id="cite_ref-Van_Valkenburg_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Van_Valkenburg-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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<p>Bode-Diagramme finden ihre Anwendung bei der Darstellung <a href="Lineares_zeitinvariantes_System" title="Lineares zeitinvariantes System">linearer zeitinvarianter Systeme</a> (LZI) im Bereich der <a href="Elektronik" title="Elektronik">Elektronik</a>/<a href="Elektrotechnik" title="Elektrotechnik">Elektrotechnik</a>, <a href="Regelungstechnik" title="Regelungstechnik">Regelungstechnik</a> und <a href="Mechatronik" title="Mechatronik">Mechatronik</a> sowie in der <a href="Impedanzspektroskopie" title="Impedanzspektroskopie">Impedanzspektroskopie</a>.
</p><p>Ein Bode-Diagramm beschreibt den Zusammenhang zwischen einer <a href="Harmonische_Funktion" title="Harmonische Funktion">harmonischen</a> Anregung („<a href="Sinus" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinus">Sinusschwingung</a>“) an einem Eingang des Systems und dem zugehörigen Ausgangssignal im <a href="Gleichgewicht_(Systemtheorie)#Stationärer_Zustand" title="Gleichgewicht (Systemtheorie)">stationären Zustand</a>, d.&nbsp;h. für <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle t\to \infty }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
</mstyle>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle t\to \infty }</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8a34d7a61899d577d950881b4a44888d43f3fa93.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:6.777ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle t\to \infty }" loading="lazy"></span>. Zur vollständigen Beschreibung eines LZI-Systems mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n}">
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<mi>n</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a601995d55609f2d9f5e233e36fbe9ea26011b3b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.395ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n}" loading="lazy"></span> Eingängen und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle m}">
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<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>m</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle m}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0a07d98bb302f3856cbabc47b2b9016692e3f7bc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.04ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle m}" loading="lazy"></span> Ausgängen benötigt man also <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n\cdot m}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>m</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n\cdot m}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/cb720005d9f6eba5279f276a21f249734e824fff.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.114ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n\cdot m}" loading="lazy"></span> Diagramme.
</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Einordnung">Einordnung</h2></div>
<p>Das Bode-Diagramm dient der Darstellung des Übertragungsverhaltens eines dynamischen Systems, auch Frequenzantwort oder <a href="Frequenzgang_(System)" class="mw-redirect" title="Frequenzgang (System)">Frequenzgang</a> genannt. Andere Diagrammformen zur Beschreibung dynamischer Systeme, wie z.&nbsp;B. das <a href="Nyquist-Diagramm" title="Nyquist-Diagramm">Nyquist-Diagramm</a> (Frequenzgang-<a href="Ortskurve_(Systemtheorie)" title="Ortskurve (Systemtheorie)">Ortskurve</a>) oder das <a href="Pol-Nullstellen-Diagramm" title="Pol-Nullstellen-Diagramm">Pol-Nullstellen-Diagramm</a>, dienen dagegen anderen Zwecken, die beiden genannten etwa der Stabilitätsbetrachtung.
Das Bode-Diagramm wird, wie auch die anderen Diagramme, aus mathematischen Systembeschreibungen durch <a href="Differentialgleichung" title="Differentialgleichung">Differentialgleichungen</a> hergeleitet und berechnet.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Charakteristische_Eigenschaften">Charakteristische Eigenschaften</h2></div>
<ul><li>Auf den x-Achsen (<a href="Abszisse" class="mw-redirect" title="Abszisse">Abszisse</a>) wird die Frequenz resp. <a href="Kreisfrequenz" title="Kreisfrequenz">Kreisfrequenz</a> logarithmisch dargestellt. Dadurch ist auf einen Blick das Verhalten über einen großen Frequenzbereich ersichtlich.</li>
<li>Auf der y-Achse (<a href="Ordinate" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordinate">Ordinate</a>) des ersten Graphen wird die Verstärkung der Amplitude, also der <a href="Betragsfunktion" title="Betragsfunktion">Betrag</a> des Frequenzgangs in <a href="Dezibel" class="mw-redirect" title="Dezibel">Dezibel</a> oder in logarithmischer Skalierung dargestellt. Dieser Graph heißt <a href="Amplitudengang" class="mw-redirect" title="Amplitudengang">Amplitudengang</a>.</li>
<li>Auf der y-Achse des zweiten Graphen wird die Phasenverschiebung, also das Argument des Frequenzgangs linear aufgetragen. Dieser Graph heißt <a href="Phasengang" title="Phasengang">Phasengang</a>.</li></ul>
<p>Amplituden- und Phasengang werden übereinander aufgetragen, sodass Verstärkung und Phase einer Frequenz vertikal übereinander stehen.
</p><p>Durch die logarithmische Skalierung des Amplitudengangs haben Bode-Diagramme den Vorteil, dass komplexe Bodediagramme aus (additiver) Überlagerung von einfachen Teildiagrammen erstellt werden können. Dies entspricht einer Reihenschaltung von Übertragungsgliedern. Hierzu wird die komplexe Funktion durch Faktorisieren in Teilfunktionen erster und zweiter Ordnung zerlegt. Durch das <a href="Logarithmus#Produkte" title="Logarithmus">logarithmische</a> Auftragen der Verstärkung wird aus der Multiplikation der Teilfunktionen die Addition ihrer Amplitudengänge. Die Phasengänge überlagern sich ohne logarithmische Skalierung additiv.
</p>
<table class="wikitable">
<tbody><tr>
<th>Übertragungsfunktion
</th>
<th>Bezeichnung
</th>
<th>Amplitudengang
</th>
<th>Phasengang
</th>
<th>Bode-Diagramm
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center"><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle K}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>K</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle K}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2b76fce82a62ed5461908f0dc8f037de4e3686b0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.066ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle K}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td>
<td style="text-align:center"><a href="P-Glied" title="P-Glied">P-Glied</a>
</td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 20\cdot \lg {|K|}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mn>20</mn>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>lg</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>K</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 20\cdot \lg {|K|}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7bece6eceb06239dc5662e1fc036e9b92e644d38.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:9.56ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 20\cdot \lg {|K|}}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 0{\text{ falls }}K\geq 0,-\pi {\text{ falls }}K<0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mn>0</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>&nbsp;falls&nbsp;</mtext>
</mrow>
<mi>K</mi>
<mo>≥<!-- ≥ --></mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>&nbsp;falls&nbsp;</mtext>
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<mi>K</mi>
<mo>&lt;</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 0{\text{ falls }}K\geq 0,-\pi {\text{ falls }}K&lt;0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/004e67a6fa6c2b1409c7aae0159156efe9b2c2cb.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:28.481ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 0{\text{ falls }}K\geq 0,-\pi {\text{ falls }}K<0}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center"><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {s}{\omega _{0}}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>s</mi>
<msub>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {s}{\omega _{0}}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4e63313dad2f268198c735147d31f4cd21f41f2c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.171ex; width:3.336ex; height:5.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {s}{\omega _{0}}}}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td>
<td style="text-align:center"><a href="D-Glied" title="D-Glied">D-Glied</a>
</td>
<td>+20 dB/Dekade, 0 dB bei <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \omega _{0}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \omega _{0}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9a713d16c489051d4f515e12b1f86061c6be799b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.5ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \omega _{0}}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td>
<td>konstant bei <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle +{\frac {\pi }{2}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle +{\frac {\pi }{2}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/bbbc73bd97c15327fbdc070a380b3afdd2c05881.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:3.976ex; height:4.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle +{\frac {\pi }{2}}}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center"><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle -{\frac {s}{\omega _{0}}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>s</mi>
<msub>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle -{\frac {s}{\omega _{0}}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/611b67dda3d39db972b9b577e3c587260733dd30.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.171ex; width:5.144ex; height:5.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle -{\frac {s}{\omega _{0}}}}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td>
<td style="text-align:center">
</td>
<td>+20 dB/Dekade, 0 dB bei <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \omega _{0}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \omega _{0}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9a713d16c489051d4f515e12b1f86061c6be799b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.5ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \omega _{0}}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td>
<td>konstant bei <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle -{\frac {\pi }{2}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle -{\frac {\pi }{2}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5a118833a527afc76283d59786a4e07dea08e479.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:3.976ex; height:4.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle -{\frac {\pi }{2}}}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center"><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {\omega _{0}}{s}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msub>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mi>s</mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {\omega _{0}}{s}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/26b5a321c86444b8f4752c27e4a95c05a14e9bd8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:3.336ex; height:4.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {\omega _{0}}{s}}}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td>
<td style="text-align:center"><a href="I-Glied" title="I-Glied">I-Glied</a>
</td>
<td>−20 dB/Dekade, 0 dB bei <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \omega _{0}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \omega _{0}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9a713d16c489051d4f515e12b1f86061c6be799b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.5ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \omega _{0}}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td>
<td>konstant bei <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle -{\frac {\pi }{2}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle -{\frac {\pi }{2}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5a118833a527afc76283d59786a4e07dea08e479.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:3.976ex; height:4.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle -{\frac {\pi }{2}}}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center"><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle -{\frac {\omega _{0}}{s}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msub>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mi>s</mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle -{\frac {\omega _{0}}{s}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4b643bae4db5d93fd218f24de4c0d541d6b5fd6a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:5.144ex; height:4.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle -{\frac {\omega _{0}}{s}}}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td>
<td style="text-align:center">
</td>
<td>−20 dB/Dekade, 0 dB bei <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \omega _{0}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \omega _{0}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9a713d16c489051d4f515e12b1f86061c6be799b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.5ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \omega _{0}}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td>
<td>konstant bei <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle +{\frac {\pi }{2}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle +{\frac {\pi }{2}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/bbbc73bd97c15327fbdc070a380b3afdd2c05881.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:3.976ex; height:4.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle +{\frac {\pi }{2}}}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center"><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 1+{\frac {s}{\omega _{0}}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>s</mi>
<msub>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 1+{\frac {s}{\omega _{0}}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5286a30ce9a9c014c8b5ff80d4fc9d3b12545204.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.171ex; width:7.339ex; height:5.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 1+{\frac {s}{\omega _{0}}}}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td>
<td style="text-align:center">PD-Glied
</td>
<td>Knick bei <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \omega _{0}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \omega _{0}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9a713d16c489051d4f515e12b1f86061c6be799b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.5ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \omega _{0}}" loading="lazy"></span>, dann +20 dB/Dekade
</td>
<td>von 0 auf <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle +{\frac {\pi }{2}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle +{\frac {\pi }{2}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/bbbc73bd97c15327fbdc070a380b3afdd2c05881.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:3.976ex; height:4.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle +{\frac {\pi }{2}}}" loading="lazy"></span> über zwei Dekaden, <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle +{\frac {\pi }{4}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mn>4</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle +{\frac {\pi }{4}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4b80bfff0a5015fe51ca6eb377a7f6b7a730a329.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:3.976ex; height:4.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle +{\frac {\pi }{4}}}" loading="lazy"></span> bei <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \omega _{0}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \omega _{0}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9a713d16c489051d4f515e12b1f86061c6be799b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.5ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \omega _{0}}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center"><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{1+{\frac {s}{\omega _{0}}}}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mrow>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>s</mi>
<msub>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{1+{\frac {s}{\omega _{0}}}}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/19c2afced5722711ebf18991340ea03ae852ce72.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.171ex; width:7.529ex; height:6.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{1+{\frac {s}{\omega _{0}}}}}}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td>
<td style="text-align:center"><a href="PT1-Glied" title="PT1-Glied">PT1-Glied</a>
</td>
<td>Knick bei <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \omega _{0}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \omega _{0}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9a713d16c489051d4f515e12b1f86061c6be799b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.5ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \omega _{0}}" loading="lazy"></span>, dann −20 dB/Dekade
</td>
<td>von 0 auf <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle -{\frac {\pi }{2}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle -{\frac {\pi }{2}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5a118833a527afc76283d59786a4e07dea08e479.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:3.976ex; height:4.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle -{\frac {\pi }{2}}}" loading="lazy"></span> über zwei Dekaden, <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle -{\frac {\pi }{4}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mn>4</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle -{\frac {\pi }{4}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a7fcd3e721d99684e8f902ad24bb52e23a25e05f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:3.976ex; height:4.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle -{\frac {\pi }{4}}}" loading="lazy"></span> bei <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \omega _{0}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \omega _{0}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9a713d16c489051d4f515e12b1f86061c6be799b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.5ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \omega _{0}}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center"><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{1+2d{\frac {s}{\omega _{0}}}+{\frac {s^{2}}{\omega _{0}^{2}}}}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mrow>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>d</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>s</mi>
<msub>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msup>
<mi>s</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msubsup>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{1+2d{\frac {s}{\omega _{0}}}+{\frac {s^{2}}{\omega _{0}^{2}}}}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/04cc76839a950b52d9f5a2fecda141325def1e9e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -4.671ex; width:15.438ex; height:8.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{1+2d{\frac {s}{\omega _{0}}}+{\frac {s^{2}}{\omega _{0}^{2}}}}}}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td>
<td style="text-align:center"><a href="PT2-Glied" title="PT2-Glied">PT2-Glied</a>
</td>
<td>Knick bei <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \omega _{0}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \omega _{0}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9a713d16c489051d4f515e12b1f86061c6be799b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.5ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \omega _{0}}" loading="lazy"></span>, dann −40 dB/Dekade
</td>
<td>von 0 auf <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle -\pi }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle -\pi }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f2359073fe90a84a705e02f0c1e63b32df850a60.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:3.14ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle -\pi }" loading="lazy"></span> über zwei Dekaden mit einer Stauchung je nach <i>d</i>
</td>
<td>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<p>Die Aussage von 0 auf <i>x</i> in 2 Dekaden gilt nur näherungsweise. Die Aussage ist jedoch oft genau genug. Am Beispiel eines PT<sub>1</sub>-Systems:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle F(s)={\frac {1}{{\frac {s}{\omega _{0}}}+1}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>F</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>s</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>s</mi>
<msub>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle F(s)={\frac {1}{{\frac {s}{\omega _{0}}}+1}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ebc7a120327ca26e5c5ad53a21d1111b05432b48.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.171ex; width:15.268ex; height:6.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle F(s)={\frac {1}{{\frac {s}{\omega _{0}}}+1}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd>
<dd></dd>
<dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \phi (0{,}1\cdot \omega _{0})=-\arctan 0{,}1=5{,}75^{\circ }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>,</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>arctan</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>,</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>5</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>,</mo>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mn>75</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∘<!-- ∘ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \phi (0{,}1\cdot \omega _{0})=-\arctan 0{,}1=5{,}75^{\circ }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c0bf9115eefc2ad126756d577acc585d48e87f4f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:33.751ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \phi (0{,}1\cdot \omega _{0})=-\arctan 0{,}1=5{,}75^{\circ }}" loading="lazy"></span></dd>
<dd></dd>
<dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \phi (10\cdot \omega _{0})=-\arctan 10=84{,}3^{\circ }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ϕ<!-- ϕ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>10</mn>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>arctan</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mn>10</mn>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>84</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>,</mo>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mn>3</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∘<!-- ∘ --></mo>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \phi (10\cdot \omega _{0})=-\arctan 10=84{,}3^{\circ }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5dcbe2700291931f764c2fe9bc5213bf8967e8f2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:32.457ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \phi (10\cdot \omega _{0})=-\arctan 10=84{,}3^{\circ }}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Veranschaulichung_der_Vorteile_einer_logarithmischen_Darstellung">Veranschaulichung der Vorteile einer logarithmischen Darstellung</h2></div>

<p>Ein einfacher <a href="Tiefpass" title="Tiefpass">Tiefpass</a>, zum Beispiel ein <a href="RC-Glied" title="RC-Glied">RC-Glied</a>, bildet ein sog. <a href="PT1-Glied" title="PT1-Glied">PT<sub>1</sub></a>-System.
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle F(s)=K{\frac {1}{1+T_{1}s}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>F</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>s</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>K</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mrow>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>T</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mi>s</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle F(s)=K{\frac {1}{1+T_{1}s}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/98736de3b780382f96194aafc9d5746a888fb0ae.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.171ex; width:18.146ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle F(s)=K{\frac {1}{1+T_{1}s}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle K}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>K</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle K}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2b76fce82a62ed5461908f0dc8f037de4e3686b0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.066ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle K}" loading="lazy"></span> ergibt sich hier aus dem Verhältnis Ausgangsgröße zu Eingangsgröße bei kleiner Frequenz. Wird die Eckfrequenz, bzw. <a href="Grenzfrequenz" title="Grenzfrequenz">Grenzfrequenz</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f_{\text{E}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>f</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>E</mtext>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f_{\text{E}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e587620ff21d66d203930405d5c2ef43a8a9f33d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.491ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f_{\text{E}}}" loading="lazy"></span> erreicht, ist der Realteil des Nenners gleich dessen Imaginärteil. Dadurch ergibt sich an diesem Punkt eine Phasenverschiebung von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \textstyle -{\frac {\pi }{4}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mn>4</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \textstyle -{\frac {\pi }{4}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c825de44ccf13137604b9ba36d97eb1164f09b92.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.171ex; width:3.586ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \textstyle -{\frac {\pi }{4}}}" loading="lazy"></span> und eine Verstärkung von:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{\sqrt {2}}}\approx -3\,\mathrm {dB} \approx 0{,}71}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<msqrt>
<mn>2</mn>
</msqrt>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>≈<!-- ≈ --></mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>3</mn>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">B</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>≈<!-- ≈ --></mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>,</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>71</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{\sqrt {2}}}\approx -3\,\mathrm {dB} \approx 0{,}71}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0e2055dc3b64a1e68479c0b359cd8f214748fade.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.838ex; width:20.561ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{\sqrt {2}}}\approx -3\,\mathrm {dB} \approx 0{,}71}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Die formelmäßig bestimmten Werte der Eckfrequenz lassen sich aus dem linear eingeteilten Diagramm noch relativ leicht herauslesen. Jedoch spätestens bei komplexeren Systemen ist es sinnvoller, im doppelt logarithmischen Bode-Diagramm zu arbeiten.
</p><p>Im Bode-Diagramm kann der Funktionsverlauf auch idealisiert mit Geradenstücken dargestellt werden. Hier im Beispiel ist die idealisierte Kurve um +3&nbsp;dB angehoben, um besser unterscheidbar zu sein.
Am Schnittpunkt der horizontalen mit der abfallenden Gerade liegt die Eckfrequenz. Die reale Funktion ist hier bereits um −3&nbsp;dB abgefallen.
Wenn das System proportionales Verhalten aufweist, kann die Verstärkung, hier <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle K=0\,\mathrm {dB} =1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>K</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">B</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle K=0\,\mathrm {dB} =1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7e31188e042a3c96917b08f7ac250a94960bbde6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:13.913ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle K=0\,\mathrm {dB} =1}" loading="lazy"></span>, an der Y-Achse (<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle s}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>s</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle s}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/01d131dfd7673938b947072a13a9744fe997e632.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.09ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle s}" loading="lazy"></span> sehr klein) abgelesen werden.
</p><p>Anhand der Steigung und des Phasenverlaufes kann man ein System identifizieren.
Bei einem PT<sub>1</sub>-System ist oberhalb <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f_{\text{E}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>f</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>E</mtext>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f_{\text{E}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e587620ff21d66d203930405d5c2ef43a8a9f33d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.491ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f_{\text{E}}}" loading="lazy"></span> die Steigung −1:1. Eine Verdopplung der Frequenz führt also zur Halbierung (−6&nbsp;dB) der Amplitude, entsprechend die Verzehnfachung der Frequenz verringert die Verstärkung auf ein Zehntel, also −20&nbsp;dB.
Die Phase bei <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f_{\text{E}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>f</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>E</mtext>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f_{\text{E}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e587620ff21d66d203930405d5c2ef43a8a9f33d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.491ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f_{\text{E}}}" loading="lazy"></span> ist −45° und für <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f\rightarrow \infty }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f\rightarrow \infty }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4631bc767e102f370c19899296651e189cb27352.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:7.216ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f\rightarrow \infty }" loading="lazy"></span> ist sie −90°.
</p><p>Sind zwei PT<sub>1</sub>-Systeme in Reihe geschaltet, so ergibt sich ein PT<sub>2</sub>-System mit einer Dämpfung <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle D>1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>D</mi>
<mo>&gt;</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle D&gt;1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/23dcfe58133b398c11d4fdc158bc8287529efd69.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:6.185ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle D>1}" loading="lazy"></span>.
Oberhalb der ersten Eckfrequenz ist die Steigung −1:1, nach der zweiten Eckfrequenz −2:1 (siehe oberstes Bode-Diagramm mit Phase). Liegen die beiden Eckfrequenzen weit genug auseinander, ist die Phase bei der Eckfrequenz −45° und bei der zweiten −90°.
</p>


<p>Ein schwingungsfähiges PT<sub>2S</sub>-System (zum Beispiel RLC-Schwingkreis) lässt sich mit einem komplexen Pol oder als <a href="Polynom" title="Polynom">Polynom</a> zweiter Ordnung darstellen. Oberhalb der Eckfrequenz ist die Steigung −2:1. Die Phase beträgt in der Eckfrequenz −90° und strebt im Unendlichen gegen −180°. Es tritt eine <a href="Resonanzfrequenz" title="Resonanzfrequenz">Resonanzüberhöhung</a> in Abhängigkeit von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle D}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>D</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle D}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f34a0c600395e5d4345287e21fb26efd386990e6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.924ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle D}" loading="lazy"></span> auf.
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle F(s)=K{\frac {1}{1+{\frac {2Ds}{\omega _{0}}}+{\frac {s^{2}}{{\omega _{0}}^{2}}}}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>F</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>s</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>K</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mrow>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>D</mi>
<mi>s</mi>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msup>
<mi>s</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msub>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle F(s)=K{\frac {1}{1+{\frac {2Ds}{\omega _{0}}}+{\frac {s^{2}}{{\omega _{0}}^{2}}}}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0ddfd6fa6c3f499f150aff8881127285f51946d8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -4.338ex; width:24.796ex; height:7.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle F(s)=K{\frac {1}{1+{\frac {2Ds}{\omega _{0}}}+{\frac {s^{2}}{{\omega _{0}}^{2}}}}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Bei Integratoren, I-Systeme genannt, existiert für kleine Frequenzen kein horizontaler Geradenabschnitt. Es geht sofort mit einer Steigung −1:1 los.
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle F(s)={\frac {1}{T_{\text{I}}\cdot s}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>F</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>s</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi>T</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>I</mtext>
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</msub>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>s</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle F(s)={\frac {1}{T_{\text{I}}\cdot s}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/37a25cd80bd01d459bcc9d11d84e390311ada435.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.171ex; width:13.528ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle F(s)={\frac {1}{T_{\text{I}}\cdot s}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Entsprechend bei einem Differenzierer, D-System genannt, ist die Steigung sofort +1:1.
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle F(s)=T_{\text{D}}\cdot s}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>F</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>s</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>T</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>D</mtext>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>s</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle F(s)=T_{\text{D}}\cdot s}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7dccbba3b9c345ebec495f19578b4f77dcc07b9f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:13.354ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle F(s)=T_{\text{D}}\cdot s}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Für <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \omega _{0}=1s^{-1}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<msup>
<mi>s</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \omega _{0}=1s^{-1}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4044b9e4b83ee556c14b39162ebee9b4db65acbf.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:10.184ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \omega _{0}=1s^{-1}}" loading="lazy"></span> kann die Integrations- beziehungsweise Differentiationszeitkonstante abgelesen werden. Diese kann auch als Verstärkung betrachtet werden (Systeme haben grundsätzlich nur P-, I- oder D-Verhalten).
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Weblinks">Weblinks</h2></div>
<ul><li>DIN-A4-Druckvorlage als PDF und SVG</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lpsa.swarthmore.edu/Bode/Bode.html">Bode Diagrams (engl.)</a></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Einzelnachweise">Einzelnachweise</h2></div>
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-Van_Valkenburg-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Van_Valkenburg_1-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="Mac_Van_Valkenburg" title="Mac Van Valkenburg">Mac Van Valkenburg</a>: <i>In memoriam: Hendrik W. Bode (1905–1982).</i> In: <i><a href="IEEE" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE">IEEE</a> Transactions on Automatic Control.</i> AC-29, Nummer 3, 1984, Seiten 193–194.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hendrik W. Bode:<i> Network analysis and feedback amplifier design</i>, <a href="Van_Nostrand" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Van Nostrand">Van Nostrand</a>, New York, 1945.</span>
</li>
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